Acti. of Blood Circulation is the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels called the circulatory system. The blood that these vessels carry is essential for the body to function. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to your body's tissues, assists in the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products, and promotes the overall health of the body's tissues.
There are three main types of vessels that make up this system :
- Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body's tissues.
- Veins take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries are small thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins.
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying into the right atrium. Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Blood then leaves the right ventricle and the heart through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. From the left atrium, blood flows to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. From the left ventricle blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the body.
To follow the circulation of the blood through the heart, begin on the heart's right side (see diagram). Large veins (the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) return blood from the body to the right atrium. This blood then flows through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, and leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve to go to the lungs (blue arrows). The blood circulates through the lungs and re-enters the heart flowing into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. The blood leaves the left ventricle through the aortic valve to enter the aorta (the body's largest blood vessel) and circulate throughout the body.
The heart muscle pumps (contracts) to move the blood through the heart and body. The heartbeat is the sound of this pumping action. In order for the heart to pump, a series of electrical signals pass through the heart muscle and cause it to contract. This electrical conduction system has many specialized cells to move the electrical impulse at an extremely fast rate through the entire heart. This electrical impulse begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, a specialized area in the right atrium. The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker and starts every electrical impulse to cause every heartbeat. Messages from the brain and other centers direct the SA node to adjust the heart rate to meet the body's needs. After an impulse is generated by the SA node, it travels quickly through both atria, making them contract and pump blood into the ventricles. The electrical impulse then reaches a point at the very top of the right and left ventricles called the atrioventricular (AV) node. When the electrical signal reaches this point, it travels extremely fast, through a specialized set of fibers (Bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers), to spread throughout the ventricles and cause them to contract and pump the blood to the lungs or the rest of the body. After each beat, the heart muscle recharges itself and the cycle starts over. Each heartbeat is the result of this complete passage of electrical signals that cause the atria to contract first, followed by the ventricles. Again, this cycle repeats itself 60 to 90 times a minute, or more than 42 million beats per year.
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